1. ????????? ?????

(1) ?? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????????? ???? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????????? ????????????? ????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????????? ?????-????????????? ??? ????????? ???????????????.

?????????????? ??????: ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ????; ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????; ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???????????? ??? ???????.

(2) ?? ???????-????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????-????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????-???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????????? ???. ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ?????????????????. ?????????????? ????????????: ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ??. ?? ?????? ?? ???????????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????. ???????, ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????.

(3) ??????? (?????????) ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??????? (???????) ??? ??? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????). ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????. ???? ?? ????????? ??? ???????, ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????????, ?? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????. ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????????, ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ????????????. ?????????????? ????????????: ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????????, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????.

2. ??????????????? ?????

(1) ???????? ????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ????, ?? ????????????? ???????? ????? (?????, ?????????, ?????, ?????, ?????? ???? ???????????, ??????, ???) ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????, ???? ?? ????? ?????????????. ???? ??? ???? ??? ???? - ?????????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????????? ??? ?????????, ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????. ?????????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????: ??. ?? ????????????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????; b. ????? ?????-??? ????????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????-????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ??????; c. ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????????????? ?????????; d. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????.

(2) ???????? ????????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ????, ?????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??? ??????? ?????. ? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???????????, ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????????????????. ??? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????????????, ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ????? ???, ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ??????? ?? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????: ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ?????????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????. ???? ?? ??? ??? ?????, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????; ????? ??????????????? ???? ???????? ?????, ??? ???????, ??? ???????, ????????????? ??????????????, ???.; ???? ?????????????, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????????. ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????.

(3) ???????????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????????? ?? ??????-????? ???? ??? ?? ????????????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??? ????????? ???? ?? ???-????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ?????????????? ??????: ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ??????; ???? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ????, ????, ???? ??? ????? ????, ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????????.

(4) ?????????????????? ??????: ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????????????. ?? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????????, ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????. ??? ?? ?????????, ??? ???? ??? ????????????????? ??? ????????????, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????. ?? ????????????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????????? ??? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????????????? ??? ????????????? ???? ??????.

3. ?????????????? ??? ????????? ?????

1. ?? ?????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????, ???????-??????? ????????? ?????????, ???????? ????? ???????????? ???????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????. ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????.

2. ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ??? ??????. ????? ?????? ??? ??????????????: ?????? ??????????????, ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????????, ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????????? ?????????, ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?????????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????; ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????; ????????? ?????-??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????????; ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????; ?????? ?? ??????? ??????????????, ???? ??? ????? ??? ??????????, ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?????????; ???? ????????????, ?? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ??? ?????? 1 ?.

3. ?????? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????. ? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????, ????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?? ???. ?? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???????????, ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ??????????. ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????: 1) ?????? ?? ??????; 2) ????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????; 3) ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????????; 4) ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????; 5) ???? ?????? ??????; 6) ?????? ??? ????? ????????????; 7) ???????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????. ??? ?????????, ?????? ?????-????? ???????? ??????????????, ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ??? 400 ? 2 ?? ????? ????? ??? ??????????????.

4. ???????????? ?????

1. ?? ???????????? ????????????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ????????, ????????????? ???????? ?? ???????????? ????????? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ????? ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?????, ????? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??????.

?????????????? ????????: (1) ????? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??????; (2) ?? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????; (3. ????????? ?? ????? ?????? 1 ?? 2 ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. (4) ???? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????, ?????? ??? ??????????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????. ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ????????. (5) ?? ??????????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???????????, ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????? ??? ??????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????. (6) ?????? ?? ????? ???? ????????, ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????????, ?????? ???? ??? ???????????? ????????? ????. ?? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????. (7) ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????. ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ????-????????? ????????? ????. ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????. (8), ?? ????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? 1 ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???????? (???????-?????????), ??? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????.

2. ???-???????? ????? (???????? ??????, ?????? ??? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ????.

3. ????? ????????? ?????? (????? ????? ??????) ???? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ??????????, ???????????? ?????????? ???????, ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ?????, ????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ?????.

5. ??????? ?????

1. ????-???? ?????? ????????? ????? (????-???? ???? - ?????? ?????) ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ???? - ????? ???? ?? ???? - ?????, ????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????????? ?????????. ???? ??????????????????, ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????? (?????) ???, ????? ?????? ?? ???????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ????. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ????? ?????-????-???????? ????????.

2. ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????????????? ????? ????. ?? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? (????? ????? ??????) ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? (??????) ???????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????. ?? ???? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????, ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? (??????) ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????. ?????????????? ????????: ① ????????????? ② ????? ?????????? ③ ????? ???????? ④ ??????? ??? ????????? ⑤ ??????? ⑤ ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ⑧ ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ⑧ ???? ?? ??????? ???? / ??? ???? ???? ????????. ⑨ ???? ?? ????? ??? ????????, ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????, ??? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????????????.
6. ?????????????? ?????

(1) ?????????????? ???????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ??????????. ?? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??????????, ??????? ???????, ???????? ????, ???. ??? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????? ??????? ??, ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ?????????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????????, ???????????????, ???????? ?????????????? ??? ????????????? ????????????.

(2) ????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????, ????????? ????? ?????, ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????????? ????? ???, ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ????. ???????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????, ?? ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ??????????, ???? ?????, ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ????? ???? ????????.

(3) ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ????????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ??????????????. ?????????????? ??? ?? ????????????? ??????????????. ??? ?????????, ?????, ??? ??? ????????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????, ????? ???????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ??????, ????? ??? ????????????? ????? ???; ????????? ???????, ???????? ???????????, ???.
7. ????????? ?????

???? ???? ????, ?????????? ???? ????? ?????????????????? ?????????????? ?? ?????????????? ????? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?????, ????? ??? ??????????????, ????? ??? ?????????, ???, ???????????? ?????????, ?????????????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???????. ???? ?? ????????? ?????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ?????????, ????????????? ?????????, ????????? ????????? ??? ????????????????? ?????????. ????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????????????, ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ??????.

8. ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???????????????

1. ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ??????. ??????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ??? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ????? ????? ???????????? ?? ???????? ????????: (1) ?????? ?????????????, ?? ???? ???????? ??? ????, ??? ?? ???????????? ?????????? IP ??? ???? ?????? ??? 17, ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????. ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ????, ????? ????, ??? ?? ????? ?????, ????? ????????? ????, ??? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ????????, ???? ?????? ??? 40%, ???? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? 80%. ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? ???? 1.0-2.0, ?????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ??? 1.0-1.5 ??? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ?? ??????????? ???????????? ?????? ??? 1.5 ??? ??????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ????????, ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???? ??????? ???????????????? ??????????????? - ??????? ?????????, ???? ???????????????????. (2) ???????????? ????????????? ?? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????, ??? ?? ????????? ????????? ??? ???????????? ????? 5-30 ?????, ????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????????, ???? ???? ????? 70 ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ????? 20 ?????. ????? ????, ???????? ????, ??? ?? ???? ????????????, ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ???? ????????? ????. ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????????. ?? ???????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? 0.5 ????? -1, ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? 45 ????? -1. ?? ???????????? ??????? ??? ????? 0.35-0.75. Under normal circumstances, soft clay layers belong to normal consolidated soil or slightly overconsolidated soil, but some soil layers, especially recently deposited soil layers, may belong to underconsolidated soil. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ??? ???? ?????? 10-5-10-8 ?????????? / s. ???? ?? ????????? ????????????? ??? ?????, ?? ????????????????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????????, ??? ??? ?????? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????. ??? ??????????????? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ???????????? ????????. ??????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ??????; ?? ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ????????; ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????; ?? ??? ?? ??????????????? ??? ??????? ????????, ?????????????? ??? ???? ??????????. ????????? ?????? ???? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ????????????? ?????, ????????? ?????, ??????? ?????, ???.

2. ????????? ?????????? ????????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???????????? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ????????????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????????????: ?????????????? ???? ?????, ????? ???? ????? ??? ???????????? ??????????? ????. ?? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ????, ??? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????????????, ???????????? ???????????? ??? ???????? ????????????. ?? ?????? ??????????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????????????????, ?????????? ????, ?????????? ?????????????, ????????? ???? ??? ????? ???????????. ???????, ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????, ????? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????? ???????, ??? ???????????? ?????????? ???? ????????????.

3. ?????????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????????? ???? ?????????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ?????, ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????. ?? ???????-??????? ???? (???? ?????? ?????????? ????) ????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?????????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????. ???? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ????????????? ??? ?? ????. ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ??????? ???????????????. (1) ?? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ??? ???? ???????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????? ???????????? ????? ????????????? ??????. ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ????????????? ???????????? ????? ??????. ??? ??? ???????? ????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????, ???? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ??? ????????, ?? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????????????, ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????. ?? ????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????????????, ?? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ???. (3) ??? ??? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????????????? ??? ???????? ????. ???? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ?? ????????????????????? ?????. ?? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????????????????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????????. ????? ??????????? ????????????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????????? ????, ??????????????, ?????????? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???????????.

4. ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????, ???? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????, ???? ???????????? ????? (???????????, ???????????? ????????????, ???"? ?) ????, ????????????? ????? ??????? ????? ????, ??? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????????????, ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????????. ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???????????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ???????? ????????????. ??? ??? ??? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????. ??????? ???????????? ???????? ???????????? ??????????? ?????, ??????????????????? ?????, ???.

5. Collapsible loess The soil that undergoes significant additional deformation due to the structural destruction of the soil after immersion under the self-weight stress of the overlying soil layer, or under the combined action of self-weight stress and additional stress, is called collapsible soil, which belongs to special soil. ?????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ???????????????. ??????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ??? ????? - ?????? ????? ?????, ????-?????, ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????????????. (?? ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????-??? ?????. ??????????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???-????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ???-???-????? ??????????????? ????, ??? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????????????). ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????????? ???? ??????????????? ????? ??????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????

6. ???????????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????????????, ????? ??? ?????? ???????????????. ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???????. ?? ???????????? ??????????? ????????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??????. Expansive soil is widely distributed in my country, such as Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Hebei, Anhui, Jiangsu and other places, with different distributions. ?? ???????????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ????. ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????????, ????? ?????????????, ????-????????, ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????.

7. ????????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????, ?? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??????. ??? ?? ????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????. ?? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ?????????????. ?? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??????????, ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?????????????????. ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????????????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ???????????, ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????????????? ????? ???? ????????????.

8. ????? ???? ????? ?? ????????????????? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???????? ????????????, ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ?????????. ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ?????????? ??????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????, ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ??????????, ?????????, ??? ?????? ???????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????. ???? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????, ???????? ?????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ???????????????? ????? ??? ???????? ????????????????? ??????????, ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ??????.

9. ?????? ??? ?????? ??????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???????, ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????????, ?????????????, ???. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????????????. ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ?????????????, ????????? ??? ???????????? ??? ??? ????. ???????, ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ???????????.