1 .z? ndochi

(1) toz? nn?chi b? iwepu ala na-ad?gh? mma nke ala, wee na-ak? ah?h?a na ala nwere oke ak?r?ngwa maka compaction ma ? b? tamping iji mep?ta akwa d? mma. Nke a ga - agbanwe njirimara ikike nke nt?ala ah? ma meziwanye mgbochi nr?r? ya na ike nkw?si ike.

Isi ihe eji eme ihe: Gwuo ala a ka a na-at?ghar? uche ma fee uche na nkw?si ike nke ?n?; h? na oghere nke filler; E kwes?r? ijik? filver ah? na n'ígwé.

(2) Usoro nn?chi vibra-nke na-eji igwe nn?chi anya vibro p?r? iche ma kpoo ya na-agbaze oghere na nt?ala ah?, wee jup?ta oghere d? ka okwute ma ? b? okwute na-etolite. Ah? na-ekpo ?k? na ala nt?ala mb? na-etolite nt?ala mejup?tara iji mezuo ebumnuche nke ?ba ?ba nt?ala na-ebelata ikike ?b? ihe na -ebelata. Gburugburu Nwuo: ikike na mmezi nke ikpo okwute na-adabere na oke mgbochi nke nt?ala mb? nke nt?ala na ya. Ihe mgbochi ah? b? nsogbu, nj? nke ikpo okwute. Ya mere, a ga-eji usoro a mee ihe iji kpachara anya mgbe eji ya d? nro ?r? d? ala.

(3) usoro a na-eji dochie anya (squeezing) na-eji ?kp?k? ma ? b? ihe a hama na-abanye n'ak?k? ya, nke mere na a na-etinye ala ma ? b? ájá na ?kp?k? (ma ? b? olulu). Ah? na-ekpo ?k? na ala nt?ala mb? na-etolite nt?ala. N'ihi ?kachas? na ramming, ala na-esi n'ak?k? ala, ala na-ebili, na ngafe mmiri na-efe efe nke ala na-abawanye. Mgbe mmiri pore na-efe efe na-efesa, ike ala nwekwara ?ba otu a. Gburugburu Nr?p?ta: Mgbe oghere ah? d? aja aja na graveability, ? b? ezigbo vetical ?wa mmiri.

2. Usoro Proloading

(1) A na-eji usoro proloading tupu iwulite ?l?, usoro na-ad?te aka (ájá, gravel, ah?h?a nd? ?z? na-ewu ihe na nt?ala ah?, na-enye ?f?d? oge ebufe. Mgbe nt?ala ah? pretured zuru ezu iji mezue ?t?t? mmezi na ikike ike nke nt?ala ah? ka mma, a na-ewu ibu ah? ma wuo ibu ah?. Usoro owuwu na isi ihe d? mkpa: a. Ibu ebu ibughar? kwes?r? ?b? nha ma ? b? kar?a ibu ibu; b. Maka nnukwu mpaghara, a ga-eji ?gb? ala na-ak?, enwere ike iji ?gb? elu ebughar? na ngwak?ta, na ?kwa mb? nke ibubata ala d? nro nwere ike iji igwe ma ? b? ?r? aka ma ? b? ?r? aka; c. Obosara nke ibu kwes?r? ?d? obere kar?a obosara nke ?l? ah?, a ga-am?r?r? ala nke ?ma; d. Ibu ibu na nt?ala agagh? agafe ibu kachas? nke nt?ala ah?.

(2) usoro akwa mkpuchi akwa agb? ájá a na-edobe akwa ?r? d? nro, kpuchie ya na geomembrane ma kaa ya gburugburu. A na-eji oghere a na-eji kpochap? ákwà mkp?chi iji mee ka nsogbu na-ad?gh? mma na nt?ala n'okpuru akp?kp? ah?. D? ka ikuku na mmiri na nt?ala ah?, ala nt?ala na-agbagha. Iji mee ngwa ngwa nk?cha, nke aja aja ma ? b?, a ga-eji s?ks b??d? ma ? b? b??d? igbapu mmiri tupu ?t?? ákwà mgbochi na geomembrane. Isi ihe eji eme ihe: Nke mbu guzobere usoro na-egbu egbu, nke edobere ya, a ga-eli ozu na-acha uhie uhie, na a ga-ah? ya n'otu oge. Mgbe mpaghara buru ibu, ? b? ihe amamihe d? na prel?da n'ak?k? d? iche iche; mee nyocha na ogo oghere, ebe obibi, mmezi miri, kw? ?t?, wdg.; Mgbe ebufes?r?, a ga-ewep? ebe aja na humus oyi akwa. Ekwes?r? ?kw?si ike na mmet?ta na gburugburu ebe obibi nd? gbara ya gburugburu.

(3) usoro ihe d? lar?? na-ewedata ?kwa mmiri nwere ike belata nr?gide mmiri nke nt?ala ma na-abawanye nr?gide onwe onye na-eme ihe ókè, nke mere na nr?gide d? mma na-abawanye, si otú a na-ebughar? nt?ala ah?. Nke a b? n'ezie iji nweta ebumnuche nke ?kwa iko site na iwetulata ?kwa mmiri ma na-adabere onwe ya na oke ibu nke ala nt?ala. Isi ihe owuwu: Ohanes na-eji ihe ?ma d? mma, okirikiri nke ?ma ma ? b? isi omimi; Mgbe a ga-eju af?, silt, silt, silt na nilety ?r?, ? b? ihe amamihe d? na ya iji kpok?ta electrodes.

(4) usoro electroosmosis: tinye igwe electrodes n'ime nt?ala ma gafere ugbu a. N'okpuru ime ihe ubi eletrik d? ugbu a, mmiri d? n'ime ala ga-as?p?ta na ebe a na-ah? anya na Katiode ah? iji mep?ta electrosmosis. Ekwela ka mmiri jup?ta na ebe obibi ma jiri oghere iji gbanye mmiri site na mmiri nke ?ma na Kas?me, ka ewetute ?kwa mmiri na ala ah?. N'ihi ya, nt?ala a na-akwak? nt?ala ma kpok?ta ya, ike na-akawanye ike. A nwekwara ike iji usoro elektr?smosis na-ebu ?z? na-ebufe ngwak? nke usoro ?r? jup?tara.

3. Mmek? na usoro Tamping

1. Etu usoro nke elu na-eji tamping akw?kw? ntuziaka, igwe na-enwegh? ike, na-at?ghar? ma ? b? mkp?t? na-eme mkp?t? iji k??p?ta ala d? lar??. ? nwekwara ike k??p?ta ala. When the water content of the surface soil is high or the water content of the filling soil layer is high, lime and cement can be laid in layers for compaction to strengthen the soil.

2. Isi ihe eji eme ihe: tupu iwu ewu, nnwale a ga-eme iji ch?p?ta usoro tekn?z? d? mkpa, d? ka dayameta na-adalata, ?n? ?g?g? ikpeaz? na ?n? ?g?g? nd? kwek?r? na-adabagh?; elu ala nke ala elu nke uzo na olulu tupu tamping kwes?r? ?d? elu kar?a ?d? elu imewe; Mmiri mmiri nke ala nt?ala a ga-ach?kwa n'ime ezigbo mmiri mmiri d? na taping; A ga-ar? ?r? d? ukwuu na usoro; Mmiri mb? na emigh? emi mgbe elu elu d? iche; N'oge opupu ihe ubi, mgbe ala oyi kp?nw?r?, a ga-egbutu ala oyi oyi willon ma ? b? oyi akwa ga-agbaze site na kpo oku; Mgbe emechara, a ga-ewep? Topsoil nke a ga-ewep? ya n'oge ma ? b? ala na-ese n'elu mmiri ga-ewep? ya na elu imewe na ebe d? anya nke ihe f?r? nke nta 1 m.

3. A na-agbada hama d? ar? site na ebe d? elu, na-ar? ?r? siri ike na nt?ala ah?, ma na-emeghar? ala ugboro ugboro. A na-emezighar? urughuru ala ala, na ala na-agh? ok, nke nwere ike ime ka nt?ala nt?ala ya d?kwuo elu ma belata ihe nzuzo. Usoro owuwu a d? ka nd? a: 1) ?kwa sa?t? ah?; 2) dina gravel oyida; 3) Melite ihe at? na-agbanwe agbanwe; 4) ?kwa ma jup?ta grovel oyi akwa; 5) k?mpat k?mpat otu ugboro; 6) ?d?da ma dinaa Geotextial; 7) A na-ak? az? slag slag akwa akwa ma t?ghar?a ya ugboro asat?. N'ozuzu, tupu nnukwutu ule siri ike, a ga-ebughar? ya na mpaghara nwere mpaghara nke enwegh? ihe kar?r? 400m2 iji nweta data na imewe na iwu.

4. Usoro ?m?p?ta

1. Usoro na-eme ka a na-eme mkp?t? na-eji ?kwa kw? ?t? ugboro ugboro na nsonaaz? nke ngwa?r? p?r? iche na-emep?ta nke ?ma iji jiri nway? na-ebibi nr?gide mmiri. N'ihi mbibi ah?, ala irighiri ala nwere ike ?kwaga ebe ike ike d? ala, nke mere na ala na-agbanwe site na t?gb? ?n?.

Usoro owuwu: (1) lar?? ebe a na-ewu ?l? ma dozie ?n?d? ikpo; (2) Vel? ihe owuwu ah? d? na ebe a na-eme vibration na ?n?d? ikpo; (3) Bido vicator ma hap? ya nway? nway? n'ime ala oyi akwa ruo 50 na 50 cm d? ugbu a na oge ? b?la, ma bulite onye na-emeghar? ah? gaa n'?z? oghere. Tinyeghar?a usoro nd? a d? n'elu 1 ruo ugboro ab?? iji mee ap?t? ah? na oghere ah?. (4) Yetgb? mmiri n'ime oghere n'ime oghere ah?, gbanye vibrator n'ime oghere ah? iji k??p?ta ya ma gbasaa dayameta. Tinyeghar?a nz??kw? a ruo mgbe ugbu a na omimi ah? ruru k?mputa ak?wap?tara ugbu a, ma dek?? ego nke fither. (5) bulie onye na-ebughar? n'ime oghere ma gaa n'ihu na-ewu ak?k? d? elu ruo mgbe ah? ? b?la na-emeghar? ah? dum, wee ziga nd? vibra na ak?r?ngwa ?z?. (6) N'oge a na-eme ngwa ngwa, ak?k? nke ? b?la nke an? ah? kwes?r? iru ihe nd? a ch?r? nke compations comptions, ?jup?ta ego na oge njik?ta. A ga-ekpebi parameters nd? ah? b? ikpebisi site na sa?t? na-eme nyocha. (7) Ekwes?r? ?hazi usoro mmiri nke ap?t? na-aga n'ihu na ebe a na-ewu ?l? iji lekwas? anya ap?t? na mmiri n'oge a na-eme ihe na-eme mkp?t?. Enwere ike igbutu oke ap?t? na ala nke tank ah? mgbe niile ma ziga ya na ebe a na-ahazi. Enwere ike idozighar? mmiri doro anya na elu nke ?d? ?gb? mmiri nke sedidition. (8) N'ikpeaz?, ah? na-ekpo ?k? na a ?kp?r?kp? nke 1 mita n'elu ikpo, ma ? b? commion oyi akwa), wdg, na cushion oyi akwa a ga-at?gb? ma kpoo.

2. Na-az?p?kp? ?ka graves (ah?h?a na-acha uhie uhie, ma ? b?r? na ? na-eme ihe ?kp?k? na-acha odo odo, ma ? b? na-emep?ta ihe na-acha uhie uhie, ma ? b? nke na-etolite ihe d? ukwuu, nke na-etolite a nt?ala mejup?tara na nt?ala mb?.

3. Clovel pervel (bl?g? na-egbochi nkume a hama na-eji tamp ma ? b? usoro siri ike iji mee ka nkume d? elu mee ihe (na-eji nway?? nway?? dejup?ta ihe ?k?k? ma ? b? na-egbochi nkume okwute.

5. Usoro agwak?ta

1. Usoro mgbali elu nke ?gb? elu d? elu (nr?gide ?gb? elu ?gb? elu) na-eji nr?gide d? elu ?gbaghar? ciment site na ?kp?k? mgbe ? na-egbutu ala ma mebie ?r? nn?chi ah?. Mgbe ? b?la ma ? b? na ? na-agh? pile a gwak?tara agwak?ta (k?l?m) ah?, nke na-etolite nt?ala mejup?tara ?n? na nt?ala ah?. Enwere ike iji usoro a mep?ta usoro na-ejigide ma ? b? ihe mgbochi mgbochi.

2 ? na-eji ciment slurry na ciment (ma ? b? lime nt? nt?) d? ka igwe na-eri nri na ala nt?ala ma na-amanye ya nke ala (k?l?m) ah?, nke na-etolite nt?ala nke mejup?tara ya na nt?ala mb?. Njirimara an? ah? na nke ar? ?r? nke ciment ala (k?l?m) na-adabere n'usoro mmeghachi nke kem?kal? n'etiti onye na-ak?zi na ala. ?n? ego nke ?gw? ?r?a na-agbakwunye, agwak?ta Unifornity na Njirimara nke ala b? ihe nd? b? isi na-emet?ta ak?r?ngwa nke ah?h?a ciment (k?l?m) na ?b?na ike na-egosi nt?ala nke nt?ala. Usoro owuwu: ① Inwe nkwado ② Slurry Nkwadebe ④ Mbupu na Spring Got and Mgwak?ta Spring na Izighar? Springs na Mwepu Spring Go Mgbe, Mink / Mink, a ga-emeghachi ya ugboro ugboro. Mgbe emechara mkp?chi, hichaa ala ng?ng? na-agwak?ta na-agwak?ta na ?d? ?gb? mmiri spraying, ma kwaga onye ?kw? ?gb? ala ka ? b?r? ?n?d? ?ch?nta ego ?z?.
6. Usoro Nt?ghar?

(1) geosylytetic geosyythetics b? ?d? ?h?? nke ihe injin?a nke Geotechnical. ? na-eji posmesly nd? na-ah? maka posmes d? ka plastik, eriri kem?kal?, wdg roba, na elu ma ? b? n'etiti ah?h?a iji mee ka ? d? ike ma ? b? na-echebe ala. Enwere ike ikewa geosyxtheticles, geomembranes, geosonthetictics p?r? iche na geosyxthetictics.

(2) A na-edobe ntu na-eme ala na-egwu mmiri, na-etinye ihe mgbochi, ma enwere mpe mpe mpe, ma ak?k? ígwè, na ?kp? ?kp?. Ala ala ah? n? na ala gbara ya gburugburu. N'?dabere na njik?ta nke njik? a na-eguzogide na k?ntakt? k?ntakt?, ? na-etolite ala na ala gbara ya gburugburu. A na-egbochi ntu n'okpuru ike n'okpuru ?n?d? mmezi ala. A na-ewusi ala ah? ike site na ?r? a na-eme ngwa ngwa. Ala ukwu na-etolite otu ?gb? elu na ?gb? elu ah?, yab? a na-akp? ya ikenye ikike. Ala ala dabara adaba maka nkwado olulu na mkp?da nke keakamere, ala ?r?, ma na-esighi ike d? lar?? ma ? b? mgbe ? gafes?r?.

(3) ala na-eme ka ala na-eme ka ala sie ike na ala oyi akwa ah?, ma jiri ya na -ewep?ta ya site na ngbanwe nke ala na ihe na-eme ka ? d?kwuo mma ma mee ka ? d?kwuo mma. Nkwado b? nguzozi elu. N'ozuzu, warara, na ihe eji eme ihe nwere ike tensiler, nnukwu onu ogugu na nguzosi ike nke corrosion; Aluminom alloys, ihe ejiji, wdg.
7. Usoro grointing

Jiri nr?gide ikuku, nr?gide hydraulic ma ? b? ?kp?r? electrolicals iji kw?s? slurries na-emesi ike na nt?ala ma ? b? ?d?iche d? n'etiti ?l? ah? na nt?ala ah?. Slurry slurry nwere ike ciment slurry, okwute ciment slurry, a ga-ekewa ya na mkpali kem?kal?, na-eli ozu, na-eme ka ? na-eto eto na nhazi Turction na-etolite. Dabere na usoro grouting, a ga-ekewa ya iche iche na couting, inye ah?h?a, nkewa na-agbasa na electrochemical na-emigh?. Z? na-eto eto nwere ?t?t? ngwa d? iche iche na mmiri nchekwa mmiri, na-ewu, okporo ?z? na àkwà mmiri na ubi injin?a d? iche iche.

8. Nt?ala ?j?? na-ezighi ezi na njiri ha

1. A na-akp? ?r? ?r? d? nro na-akp?kwa ala d? nro, nke b? mkp?chi nke ala na-ad?gh? ike. E guzobere ya na mbubreyo ihe d? j?? ma b?r? nke agh?gh? viocous ma ? b? ihe nd? na-eme mkp?t?, wdg frase, etiti na ala iru osimiri ma ? b? n'ak?k? ?d? mmiri. A na-eji ah?h?a na-ad?gh? ike na hilty ala. Njirimara an? ah? na nke ar? ?r? nke ala d? nro g?nyere ak?k? nd? a: (1) Njirimara ?r? ah? d? elu, yana IP Index d? iche kar?a af? 17, nke b? ala ?r?. A na-eji ?r? d? mma na-acha aja aja, akw?kw? nd? akw?kw? nd?, nwere ?d?d? ?j??, nwere ihe d? iche iche, n'ozuzu ka 40%, ebe silt nwekwara ike ?d? elu kar?a 80%. A na-akp? Corso ?n?d? d? iche iche .0 N'ihi ?d?naya ?r? ya, ?d?naya mmiri d? elu na nnukwu ihe mgbochi, ak?r?ngwa ar? ?r? ya na-egosikwa njirimara nd? kwek?r? - ala d? ala, d? ala na oke ngh?ta. (2) Ngwongwo nke ihe eji eme ihe ike nke di nro di ala, ike a na-edoghi anya na-ab?kar? naan? 5-30 KPA, na-ad?gh? agafe 70 kPa. Akpa d? nro, kar?s?a silt, nwere mmet?ta d? elu, nke b?kwa ihe ngosip?ta d? mkpa nke d? iche na ?r?. Ah?h?a d? nro na-at? ?t?. Coficd? mkpak? ah? d? ukwuu kar?a 0,5 MPA-1, ma nwee ike iru ogo 45 na 1. Ntanet? nch?k?ta nkek? b? ihe d? ka 0.35-0.75. N'okpuru ?n?d? nk?t?, ?r? d? nro sokwa ala nk?t? ma ? b? obere ala na-ak?da, ma ?f?d? ala n'ígwé na nso nso a, nwere ike ?b? ala a na-emebi emebi. Oke nke pere mpe b? ihe ?z? d? mkpa nke ?r? d? nro, nke d? n'etiti 10-5-10-8 cm / s. ? b?r? na ?n? ?g?g? nke permeability d? obere, ?n?ego nkwado ah? na-ad?kar? mfe, nr?gide d? irè na-abawanye nway?, yana nkw?si ike na-ad? mfe, ike nt?ala na-abawanye nway?. Omume a b? ak?k? d? mkpa na-egbochi usoro ?gw?gw? na ?gw?gw?. (3) Injin ogidi njirimara d? nro nwere ikike d? ala na ike na-eto eto; ? d? mfe imebi na nkwek?r?ta mgbe ? na-etinye ya; ?n?n? nr?r? ah? buru ibu ma kw?sie ike ogologo; O nwere njiri mara nke pere mpe, Thixatropy na elu Rhology. Usoro ?gw?gw? ?gw?gw? a na-ejikar? g?nyere usoro preloady, usoro nn?chi, usoro agwak?ta, wdg.

2. N'?n?d? na-ejup?ta af? ojuju juputara na mberede p?tara na ?f?d? ebe obibi na ebe obibi na ebe ? na-egwuputa ihe. ? b? ala mkpofu ma ? b? na nd? nd? mmad? na ihe omume nd? mmad?. A na-ekewa ah?h?a nd? a na-emebi emebi n'ime otu at?: ?l? mkpofu ah?h?a, ala ah?h?a na ?l? ?r? na-emep?ta ala. Ala d? iche iche nke ah?h?a na ah?h?a juru na ngwa ngwa siri ike ?k?wap?ta na ike ?k?k?, ihe ngosi na-egosi na nd? na-egosi na mkpak?. Ihe njiri mara nke af? ojuju nke af? ojuju b? nch?k?ta ?n?, ak?r?ngwa d? mgbagwoju anya, Njirimara d? iche iche, ?kp?r?kp? na-ekwetagh? na oge na-ad?gh? mma. Ya mere, otu ebe ah? na-egosi ?d?iche doro anya na Ngosip?ta, nke d? mfe ?kpachap? anya, ma na-ach? ?gw?gw? nt?ala.

3. Dejup?ta ala jup?ta ala b? ala na-etinye site na njup?ta hydrailic. N'af? nd? na-ad?begh? anya, a na-eji ya n'?t?t? ebe n'?d? mmepe d? n'?s? osimiri na-agba gburugburu. Mmiri mmiri na-ada ada (a na-akp?kwa af? mgbochi mmiri) a na-ah?kar? na mpaghara ugwu ?d?da anyanw? b? Dam na ala jup?ta na ala. Nt?ala ah? guzobere site na ala jup?tara na ala d? ka ?d? nt?ala okike. Njirimara injinia ya na-adabere na Njirimara nke ala jup?ta. Dejup?ta nt?ala ala n'ozuzu nwere njirimara nd? a d? mkpa. (1) O doro anya na-emebi ihe doro anya. Na nso nso a ap?t?, a na-edobe ihe nd? ?z?. P?? site na ind inlet, nd? debere na-ad? mma. N'otu oge ah?, enwere nr?p?ta doro anya na omimi. (2) Mmiri ?d?naya nke ala jup?tara d? elu d? elu, na-akawanye elu kar?a mmiri mmiri, ? n? na steeti na-as?. Mgbe emechara ejup?ta, elu na-ach?sas? mgbe evapo eke, na mmiri mmiri belatara nke ukwuu. Agbanyegh?, ala jup?tara na ala ka d? na steeti na-as? mgbe ?n?d? igbapu. Ihe kachas? mma ma ala an? ah?, ihe doro anya nke a b? ihe ?t?nanya a. (3) Ike ike nke ah?h?a juru na ya d? ala ma na-enwegh? isi. Nke a b? n'ihi na ala jup?tara na steeti a na-eme n'okpuru. Az? az? na-eji nway? na-eji nway?? nway?? eru na steeti na-abawanye. Ngwongwo injin?a ya na - adabere na urughuru mejup?tara, ?d? n'otu, ?n?d? mgbak? gbasara ngbanwe na oge nkw?ghachi az?.

4. Af? jup?tara na Sandy Sandy Sandy Square ma ? b? ezigbo ájá d? mma na-enwe ike d? elu n'okpuru ibu static. Agbanyegh?, mgbe oke olu (ala ?ma jijiji, usoro nke ?ma, wdg) nke ala nwere ike imebi ma ? b? na-efu nnukwu nsogbu, ma ? b? tufuo ya. Nke a b? n'ihi na a na-ahazi ala ah? na ?n?d? nke irighiri ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe iji nweta mmezi ?h??, nke na-akpata oke nr?gide mmiri na-agbadata ngwa ngwa. Ebumnuche nke ?gw? nt?ala a b? ime ka ? k??p?ta ma kpochap? ihe ? b?la nke mmanya na-ad?gide. Usoro ?gw?gw? nd? a na-ah?kar? g?nyere usoro ?gbat?, usoro VIBROFTOFTEADTAtion, wdg.

5. A na-akp? mkpok?ta ala d? mkpa kar?a mbibi nke ala ah? na-ah? maka nr?gide onwe onye na-ah?kar?, ma ? b? n'okpuru nch?k?ta nke nr?gide onwe onye, ??ma ? b? n'okpuru ala d? iche iche, nke b? nke ala p?r? iche. A na-enwekwa oghere jup?tara na mbara ala. Ebe obibi d? n'ebe ugwu ?w?wa anyanw? nke mba m, Northwest China, etiti China na ak?k? nke anyanw? China na-enwekar? nsogbu. A na-ekwu okwu na ebe a na-ezo aka n'ebe d? ka ala. Mgbe ? na-ebu nt?ala injinia na nt?ala d? mma, ? d? mkpa ?t?le ihe omume nd? ?z? ga - eme, ma h?r? nt?ala nt?ala nke nt?ala ma ? b? iwep? mbibi nke obere mkp?da.

6. Nd? na-eme ka ala ?nweta nke nd? na-agbada ala b? tumadi Montmorillonite, nke nwere hydrophilicity siri ike. ? na-am?ba na olu mgbe ? na-at?p? mmiri ma na-ebelata ?da ma ? b?r? na mmiri na-efu. Mgbasa mgbasawanye a na contraction na-ab?kar? nnukwu ma nwee ike ?kpata ?l?. A na-ekesa ala nd? na-emebi ihe na obodo m, d? ka Gangxi, Yunnan, Yunnan, Hehuai, Hubei, Jangui, Jiangssu na ebe nd? ?z?, nwere nkesa d? iche iche. Ala nd? na-emebi ihe b? ?d? ala p?r? iche. Metz? ?gw?gw? ?gw?gw? a na-ah?kar? g?nyere ala, mmeghari ala, teta, na usoro injin?a iji gbochie mgbanwe mmiri.

7. Ala Organic ala na ala peat mgbe ala nwere okwu d? iche, ?d?d? d? iche iche ga-akp?. Mgbe ihe organic iscess kar?r? otu ?d?naya, ala peat peat. O nwere ihe di iche iche injin. Nke kachas? d? n'ime ihe nd? d? n'ime ya, ka ukwuu mmet?ta na ala ?ma, nke a na-egosip?takar? na ike d? ala na oke nzuzo. ? nwekwara mmet?ta d? iche iche na ntinye nke ihe nd? injin?a d? iche iche, nke nwere mmet?ta ?j?? na owuwu injin ma ? b? ?gw?gw? nt?ala.

8. Ala Nt?ala ala nke Geological ?n?d? nke ala Nt?ala ala b? ihe d? mgbagwoju anya, tumadi egosip?ta na-ekwek?gh? n'at?gh? ?n? na nk?cha nke nt?ala na nkw?si ike nke sa?t? ah?. N'ihi mmet?ta nke gburugburu ebe obibi na ?n?d? usoro nke ala nt?ala, enwere ike inwe nnukwu okwute na sa?t? ah?, gburugburu ebe nr??r? nwere ike inwe ala na-enwegh? at?, na mkp?da na mkp?da. Ha ga - ebuputa ihe egwu ma ? b? nwee ike ime ?l?. Mgbe ? na-ewu ?l? na nt?ala ugwu, ekwes?r? ?kw?ghachi ihe nd? met?tara gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe ojoo na-akpata ?wa na ihe ?j?? d? egwu, a ga-emekwa nt?ala mgbe ? d? mkpa.

9. Karst na mpaghara Karst, enwere ?gba ma ? b? ?gba aghara ma ? b? ?gba aghara, na creafress, nk?da mm??, na-etolite na mmiri ala mmiri. Ha nwere nnukwu mmet?ta na owuwe ma na-enwekar? ike imebi nr?r?, daa na mbelata nt?ala. Ya mere, ?gw?gw? d? mkpa ga-ar? tupu ar? ?r?.